Hope or Despair?

“Climate change tends to be framed in one of two ways – as scary weather, or as an economic issue” – Chris Turner

To even be considering the fate of the world terrifies me. I can’t believe we have actually come to this point in our existence where we’re seeing an end to freshwater, an atmosphere full of GHG’s, and an ocean with almost nothing left. It is easiest to not think about it, but that wouldn’t help anything or anyone. But all the doom and gloom aside, in this blog I discuss the reasons why I believe we still have hope for a sustainable world for generations to come.

“The problem might be global, but the best solutions to date have been devised often at the local level of a small town or organization” – Chris Turner

The City of Portland is a great example of sustainable action. Portland’s climate change strategy was introduced in 1993. It was the first municipal emissions-reduction plan in the United States. Here are some of the benefits from the policies created:
•All new municipal buildings in Portland are required to earn LEED Gold ratings.
•Residents are the highest per capita purchasers of hybrid vehicles in America.
•Cycling and walking, for commuting purposes, is up 10 percent in the last ten years
•700 miles of cycling and walking paths
•Growth Boundary (a line beyond which urban asphalt is forbidden to cross)
All of this started with a very determined and hopeful city that wanted to set a positive example. Other cities in the world can now look at Portland and have something to shoot for. This is a great thing for our world; we need cities and countries to make a stand on what’s right. As Chris Turner puts it, “A stack of policies is not a society, and a group of politicians is not necessarily a movement, and none of it on its own would inspire Portland or any other community to greatness”.

The Kyoto Protocol was a pact between 169 nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent or more by 2012. It might turn out, in the long run, that the Kyoto Protocol or this more recent Copenhagen Summit becomes the engine of a concerned global effort to return civilization to a sustainable footing. I really hope that Canada gets off their lazy ass and actually decides to do something instead of always following the US on every international decision. We need to act soon. I am confident that one day we will, as a nation, create a sustainability plan. David Suzuki tried proposing a plan a few years ago called “Sustainability within a Generation”. Prime Minister Stephen Harper wasn’t “ready” for it at the moment, but hopefully one day our political leaders will be.

The root of our problems is ultimately social. If we want to see real change, we need a majority of people on the same wavelength. In order to do this you need to make the environment a bigger issue than it is right now. Copenhagen will hopefully develop some “positiveness” into people’s minds. These may be just huge gatherings between rich nations, but we must look at them as optimistic starting points at which to start our sustainable journey. The only thing we may have is hope, but if we can stay positive and live by example like the City of Portland, there is a chance we will see some change and direction in a healthier, longer lasting planet.

Synthesis of Presentations

The following is a list of some of the topics that were presented this semester. I have picked out six of my favourites to briefly summarize. I will then end with a concluding paragraph on what all of these presentations meant to me.

Smart Design: Ideas and technologies used to efficiently create long term living/working space, reduce negative effects on ecological health, and improve quality of health for residents. One example of Smart Design is LEED (An internationally recognized green building certification system that promotes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). Two of the most important designs featured in LEED buildings include waste reduction and energy and water conservation.

Sustainable Energy: Case study on wind energy in Denmark: Island of Samso where 100%of electricity from wind power generation, powers homes and transit system. Energy use accounts for 53.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions! Solutions exist and we have the technology to mitigate catastrophic climate change. Huge amounts of improvement are possible. Wind energy less than 1% of total global electrical supply. Sustainable energy considerations: Environmental conditions, Cost, Number of beneficiaries / users, Life expectancy.

Green Building: This group presented on “Green Roofs”. Green Roofs address all three sustainable development aspects... 1) Social: Aesthetically pleasing, Therapeutic potential (rooftop gardens, meditation areas) 2) Economic: Reduced heating and cooling costs, Reduced need for eaves troughs = economic savings 3) Ecological: Increased biodiversity, Carbon dioxide sink

Urban Planning: Sustainable Urban Development is thought to be “development that improves the long term social and ecological health of cities and towns”. Key components: Compact and Efficient land use (Mixed Use), Reduction of Waste, Energy Efficient Design, Sustainable Transport Systems, Sustainable economy, Community participation/pride. Urban sprawl on the rise, built around unsustainable single- use communities. Proper urban planning can reduce urban sprawl.

Economics of Sustainability: “Sustainability doesn’t cost - it pays” (Geography of Hope Turner, 2007, p300). This group chose Dockside Green as an economic example. Dockside green uses Triple Bottom Line Accounting to measure their success. The four principles of Natural Capitalism and how Dockside Green is doing this: 1) Efficiency- Metering in every suite (20% energy savings) 2) Bio-mimicry- natural waterways 3) "Service-and-Flow" Business Model- using Interface flooring 4) Reinvest in Natural Capital- waste-to-energy plant

Making Change: Effective communication is the catalyst for change. Historically environmental communication has been “doom and gloom”. We need to make the situation more meaningful to the global community and individuals. Canadian voice of change = David Suzuki. He is an excellent example of making real change, and this is why: Excellent communicator, Utilizes multiple mediums, Inspires change to individuals, Holds political leaders accountable, Supports many projects with shared mission and vision, Focuses on all ages.

As you can see, sustainable development can come in many forms all over the world. All topics seem to have a few things in common. One thing is, they all strive for a better future with long-lasting intentions. They are ideas that consider all aspects of life: social, economic and environmental. Efficiency is one thing that is always taken into consideration, and realizing that Earth’s resources are limited. Also, there tends to be an emphasis on reduction, whether it is waste or energy. New technologies and new ideas are always part of the environmental movement, as this brings about change and improvement. I think that every one of these topics includes groups of people that have worked very hard to get where they are now. They passions are deep and meaningful. It’s always good to have dreams, and these people made them come true. It’s very inspirational to know that these groups and individuals could succeed and show there is a alternative way of doing things in this world.

My Stuff and Consumption Habits

The following is a power consumption table I filled out last year as part of my Sustainable Design course in Calgary. It’s a quick list of some of the appliances and corresponding watts/day, to give an idea of how much energy my wife and I are using.


Consumption =
1) Act of eating or drinking - the eating or drinking of something, or the amount that somebody eats or drinks
2) Act of using something up - the use of natural resources or fuels, or the amount of resources or fuels used
3) Consumer expenditure - the purchase and use of goods and services by consumers, or the quantity of goods and services purchased (Encarta Dictionary)

Consumerism is all around us. Anyone living in North America is especially surrounded. You cannot go anywhere without seeing an advertisement for something. They are seen on the internet, radio, TV, in the newspaper, on public transit, buildings, billboards, and even at hockey games along the boards! They want us to believe that we need, need, need their product and if we don’t buy this new product, we are “out of the loop”. For most of us it is a constant struggle to spend money in a way that is sustainable to our own financial situations and also sustainable to the earth’s ecological balance.

Consumables: products that are eaten or decompose. A package that turns into dirt is infinitely more useful, biologically speaking, than a package that turns into a plastic park bench. Designing for decomposition, not recycling is the way of the world around us.
Durables: products that are designed to last. Currently many durables are designed to fail.

When my wife and I moved to Victoria this past summer, we were shocked by how much stuff we had. Between the two us, we filled up the cab and box of a borrowed half-ton truck pulling a 20 foot U-Haul trailer! We loaded everything including: electronics, kitchen supplies, sports equipment, books, clothes, furniture… All of this stuff can make a person feel spoiled and guilty. By seeing everything you own crammed into a measureable space like a truck and trailer, it really puts things into perspective. It makes you ask questions. Do we really need all of this stuff? What kind of things can we do without? How do we go about living in a more sustainable manner? Moving can really open your eyes to the things that you own! Personally, I feel most guilty about our car. It’s a massive chunk of metal, rubber, glass, and petroleum products that spews GHG’s out its rear end!

“Americans produce six times their body weight every week in hazardous and toxic waste water, incinerator fly ash, agricultural wastes, heavy metals, and waste chemicals, paper, wood, etc. This does not include CO2 which if it were included would double the amount of waste.” I know I’m not American, but I’m pretty darn close. This is outrageous! Six times my own weight in waste a week! When we moved to Victoria, our landlord (we share a house with) offered us a compost bin. This is the first time we have composted, and we can’t believe how much it has reduced our garbage output. But the compost bin isn’t the only reason for less waste. Whenever we go grocery shopping, we try to buy things with the least packaging possible or that can be recycled. For example, instead of putting all of our vegetables in plastic bags, we bring our small hemp baggies that can be reused. Just recently, our landlord changed the households’ garbage pick-up to every two weeks instead of every week.

As stated before, people struggle with the amount of stuff they have and their consumption habits. I truly do not see an end to this soon. Humans are very stuborn and set in their ways. If they want to spend their earnings on new vehicles and TV's they wiil! It seems the only way this will end is through a catastrophic event (the end of oil). The only hope we have lies in the education of sustainable practices and living by example.

Case Study: Farmers' Markets and Local Food Systems

This blog post summarizes a case study of sustainable development happening right here on Vancouver Island! The study I chose embraces the benefits of farmers’ markets and the creation of a farmers’ market in the Royal Oak area of Saanich, BC. Farmers’ markets are an important aspect of food distribution for local farmers here on the Island and around the world. They can strengthen local food systems and assist towns and cities achieve sustainability outcomes. Unlike massive grocery stores, farmers’ markets acknowledge the importance of relying on locally available resources and also recognizing the mutual dependencies between local producers and consumers. Seeing as we live on an island, the method of local food production and distribution can also assist in fostering food security. The distance food must travel (food miles) is significantly reduced when compared to grocery stores.

Locally-produced foods also have health benefits. When local produce is purchased locally, it is likely to be consumed much sooner after harvest than non-local produce and therefore have higher nutritional value when consumed (MacNair, 2004). Farmers’ markets contribute to people’s health and well-being by often including health-related education that can occur during producer-consumer interactions and also by providing healthy, fresh and more often than not organic products.

Shifting to the proposed farmers’ market in Royal Oak, seven key factors were chosen by the people that will be considered for its success. A few examples are given for each factor:
• Participation –commitment, interaction, afford market stall fees
• Organization – management, volunteers, land acquisition
• Location – adequate parking, public transit access, bathroom facilities
• Market Scheduling – morning/night, weekday/weeknight, 4X a month
• Products Offered – fruits/vegetables, local meats, craftspeople
• Market Features – children activities, food demos
• Market Type – individual stalls

The interactions that occur between producers and consumers at farmers’ markets often go beyond economic capital gains and can lead to ‘social capital’ formation (Hinrichs, 2000; Lapping, 2004). Coming together once a week creates a social area which fosters community, friendships and social networking. If Royal Oak does not go forward with a farmers’ market, it would be a crying shame. The benefits to the community are immense, and I haven’t even scratched the surface! I hope that one day this area will receive their wish.

The most important benefit of farmers’ markets, to me, is the education it provides. People nowadays, either child or adult, do not know where their food comes from. This is absolutely outrageous! We have been brainwashed to shop at places like Walmart and Costco, where everything is overly packaged and transported thousands of miles around the world. We have lost the appreciation and respect for the very things that sustain us! This bothers me because I grew up on a farm, and I know where and how a lot of the food that I consume comes from. But now that I live in the city, I feel a disconnection to the source of my purchases. Writing this blog has inspired me to shop with a conscience and consider where and who my money is going to.

Reference: Link, Alexandra & Ling, Chris. Farmers' Markets and Local Food Systems. Retrieved December 5, 2009 from, http://crcresearch.royalroads.ca/case-studies/crc-case-studies/farmers-markets-and-local-food-systems

My Social Capital and What Affects It

The three imperatives that form sustainable development are: Economic, Ecological and Social. This blog will focus on the social aspect of sustainability; what it is, how it works, and then ending with some examples. The term “social capital” has often been used to describe this area of interest of sustainability.

Community, believe it or not, is a crucial component of everyone’s existence. When we think of community, we often refer to it as a group of people sharing, living, and interacting in a particular area. Community involvement often sets the priorities in towns, cities and countries all over the world, eventually creating policies which serve to shape our identities. This process can simply be called “social capital”. University of Manchester Professor Michael Woolcock defines social capital as, “The norms and networks that facilitate collective action”. Some key words that are often linked to the creation of social capital include: engagement, trust, cooperation, collective, knowledge and shared future. To measure the social capital of a certain area, indicators are often used. Examples may include the number of voluntary organizations/clubs or say the percent of people attending public meetings. This is not 100% accurate, but it helps to identify the level of community involvement that is present. Studies have shown that a correlation between social capital and higher quality education and lower crime and poverty levels. This demonstrates that a community that is involved, committed and connected is at a greater advantage socially.

Part of this blog was to describe my social capital and what affects it. In order to do this, I will list off different indicators that are specific to me. This year my social capital has been slightly altered due to the fact I am taking a very intense program. The World Bank has an amazing site on Social Capital. They provide tools in which to measure social capital in your household and community! I will be using the three of the five World Bank’s dimensions of social capital as a guide:

Groups and Networks (collections of individuals that promote and protect personal relationships which improve welfare)
- Family on my side and as well my wife’s side
- Friends from back home and new friends that I’ve met here at RRU
- Faculty and staff of RRU that I’ve recently met
- Religious activities and relationships involved there
- Facebook!

Trust and Solidarity (elements of interpersonal behaviour which fosters greater cohesion and more robust collective action)
- With some of my closer friends, and especially my family. These are true, solid relationships. Ones that make real change when times are good and when times are bad.
- Also trust in RRU to educate me at the level I need to be at as a professional

Collective Action and Cooperation (ability of people to work together toward resolving communal issues)
- The cohort of Environmental Science students is a great example of this. We work together to achieve higher learning, as well begin new and memorable relationships. As we leave school and enter into the real world, there is potential for great change in all of us.

“Social capital is the glue that holds societies together and without which there can be no economic growth or human wellbeing. Without social capital, society at large will collapse, and today’s world presents some very sad examples of this.” –World Bank

Reference: http://go.worldbank.org/C0QTRW4QF0

Sustainablity on RRU Campus

Royal Roads University has worked very hard to include sustainability into their past, present and future. From the beginning (1995) Royal Roads decided it would be a special purpose university with sustainability as a founding pillar backed by a strong policy framework. Five key initiatives were chosen to represent this:
1) GHG Mangement - 50% net reduction of emissions from 2007 levels by 2020.
2) Going Grid Positive - alternative energy sources
3) Campus Transportation - reducing the number of car commuters
4) Building and Heritage Conservation Projects -
5) University Stewardship Plans - purchasing green products

As part of this course, we were treated with four guest speakers to talk about sustainability practices on campus. the four areas presented were: alternative energy options, custodial practices, Habitat cafeteria practices, and RRU sustainability plan.

Our first speaker, Stephen Grundy, PhD - Associate Vice President, Chief Information Officer, spoke on the available alternative energy options Royal Roads is looking at right now. One of the goals of the university is to go grid postive by 2018. This is going to be a very difficult goal, coming with an expensive price tag. Although the university is a National Historic Site, it does not recieve any money from Parks Canada! Alternative sources that have been eliminated thus far are: wave power, wind power, and solar power. Solar panels, for example, require a highly energy-intense manufacturing process. So the three options that are currently being investigated are: cogeneration wood gasifiation waste facility, community compost facility, and wastewater treatment facility. Stephen Grundy pointed out that they are looking at the source that will be most energy efficient, cost effective and that suits RRU size.

Our second speaker was Custodial and Housekeeping Supervisor, Darren Gardham. He explained the ongoing changes and improvements that the custodial staff are working on. In 1998, while working as a custodian for the university, Darren noticed he was allergic to the cleaning supplies hw was using. Shortly after this, all cleaning supplies were switched over to chemical-free! In 2000, the cleaning staff brought in microfiber cloths to replace their old rags. These cloths only require water when cleaning because they literally pik up all bacteria as you wipe. The cloths also last a very long time (~500 washes)! Starting in 2003, the recycling program was expanded to include composting; 10 tonnes of paper towel now composted every year! 75% of all waste at RRU is diverted from the landfill each year as well. I could tell that Darren was truly excited, driven and understanding of the sustainability movement on campus.

The Habitat Cafe on campus is also working very hard to reduce its footprint. The cafe uses compostable wooden cutlery, composts food waste, uses Ocean Wise products, serves Fair Trade coffee and uses compostable “to‐go” coffee cups that use a corn based liner as opposed to a petroleum‐based liner. Habitat is also certified under the Greentable network. The Greentable network “helps guide food establishments to become more sustainable by encouraging the use of services and products that are beneficial to the local economy, use more eco‐friendly processes, incorporates water and energy conservation where applicable and reduces packaging and food waste.”

RRU Sustainability Principles:
• Reduce, re-use, recycle
• Limit campus development to disturbed areas
• Ensure compact, efficient footprint
• Be pedestrian friendly
• Practice active and passive green building design
• Use local and sustainable resources
• Respect heritage designation
• Anticipate, lead and support B.C. government sustainability goals
• Incorporate sustainability in all learner programs
• Support sustainability research and incorporate this in our community engagement initiatives
• Reduce overall carbon footprint
• Be fiscally responsible

Overall I think that Royal Roads is doing a great job on their sustainability practices. They have many goals that they would like to reach; this is very important because it shows direction, hope, and determination. Royal Roads could have easily ignored the whole "environmental" movement and spent their time and money elsewhere. Personally, I find this universities goals and apirations inspiring to my life. Its great to know that I am studying at a place that cares.

Reference: http://www.royalroads.ca/about-rru/governance/sustainability/

How Can I Tell What is Sustainable?

When you hear the words sustainable or sustainability, what do you think of? These terms have been tossed around as corporate buzzwords enough that they are nearly verging on meaningless. It's a difficult term to understand, something you really need to think about. Author of Geography of Hope Chris Turner asks us: "Would this - this place,this machine, this social system or way of life - be capable of continuing on its present course for the forseeable future without exhausting the planet's ability to sustain human life at something like the current population and quality of life?"

Once you've rapped your mind around the meaning of sustainability, than you can ask yourself "How can I tell what is sustainable?" To do this you must understand the concept systemically, to put into context, establishing the very nature the relationships that are existing. Sustainabliity involves three systems into one: economic, social, environment. The environment is a natural system that is so complex that we will never fully understand it. Sustainable systems are those that are centered around low energy consumption with a very high level of complexity. As you can see, sustainablility can be a mouthful, but this should not stop us from understanding it.

In chapter one of "The Geography of Hope", there is a great example of sustainable development in action. About 15 years ago, a group of people living on the island of Samso in Denmark had a dream. They didn't have a leader to say, but rather a collective of leaders - a community. Their dream was to reduce their C02 emissions to less than zero and to be the world's first island to be powered entirely by renewable energy. In less than ten years, through a lot of hard work, this dream became reality. "The wind and the sun, straw and wood, plus longer-term plans involving biogas and excess heat from ferries - here in a miniature, was a congress to replace a fossil king". This project created dozens of jobs that revitalized a stagnant economy. It transformed conservative village people into an enthusiastic group who cared about the future of their lives and their childrens and grandchildrens lives.

Samso's transformation was not just revolutionary, it has inspired change that is attainable to all of us. This has taught us to look at the world as millions of little islands(cities, towns, villages). Each one of these islands can do this by: determining our climatic conditions, calculating our own energy demands, and figuring out what sustainable technologies would work best for the area. There is hope for us out there but we must work together as one unit. I believe this is how will really change. Through creativity and innovation, diversity, technology, networks, stable governance, trust, cooperation, connectivity, and adaptability. We must no longer work separately, but together to solve our problems.

Reference:
Turner, Chris. (2007). The Geography of Hope. Toronto, Canada: Vintage Canada.

Blog 1 Reposted (accidentally was deleted)

What is Sustainable Development?

Over the past several decades, the definition of “sustainable development” has evolved and changed. However, the concept of developing the resources of our environment/habitat to extend and enhance the human life (i.e. development) has been around since the beginning of human existence. The knowledge that our dealings with the environment can affect our future abilities to extend and enhance our lives is also as old as our existence as a species. The following few paragraphs will summarize what Robert W. Kates, Thomas M. Parris and Anthony A. Leiserowitz have to say about sustainable development, then I will conclude with my thoughts on the subject.

The following was one of the first recognized definitions of sustainable development: “...development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It was coined in 1987, by the UN’s Brundtland Report. This idea was further expanded upon by the Board on Sustainable Development of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1999. The Board defined what is to be sustained (nature, life support, community), what is to be developed (people, economy, society), as well as brought up the issue of timeline (within what timeframe do we consider our sustainability efforts?) In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development introduced the three pillars of sustainable development. The pillars approach introduces social development, and thus the need to address issues of poverty, injustice and an unequal distribution of wealth and opportunity. (insert pic)

Sustainable development can also be defined from the perspective of time-specific goal setting. For example, the United Nation’s Millennium Declaration set goals and targets, to be met by 2015, regarding environmental, social and developmental concerns.

Many initiatives have attempted to further define sustainable development through the identification of various indicators (measures one would expect to see if sustainable development was implemented). A commonly cited indicator would be the concept of Ecological Footprint (a measure of human demand on the earth).
Values are also another way of measuring sustainable development. Values often frame our attitudes toward something that we strongly believe in. A great example comes from the previously mentioned Millennium Declaration. This project was not only a list of 60 specific goals; it also stated six core values: Freedom, Equality, Solidarity, Tolerance, Respect for Nature, and Shared Responsibility.
Lastly, sustainable development can be defined in practice. This can be seen throughout the world as communities, cities and corporations are developing policies to define a sustainable future and the actions needed to attain this. Walmart is a prime example of how a massive corporation has started to do their part (as little as it is) to reduce their “footprint” on earth. Walmart has made many changes in pursuit of their goal to be supplied 100% by renewable energy and reduce their overall waste.

In review of these definitions, I see the concept of sustainable development as...confusing, mind-boggling, and ambiguous. If countries cannot agree upon a definition, it seems very unlikely that they will work together on this issue. I think the work begun by the Earth Charter Initiative, to identify the world’s values through an open public consultation process, may be very helpful. This global values identification may uncover our common goals. From here, international dialog focusing on our common values can begin to set real targets and see real solutions. I also believe that the ‘developed’ world needs to re-evaluate what we define as true development. Many of us say that money doesn’t make people happy, but our actions do not always adhere to this belief. We, and I am certainly including myself here, often feel overwhelmed by the challenges our planet faces and feel helpless to truly make much of a difference. I see the concept of sustainable development as evolving, hopeful, and valuable conversation. Defining sustainable development must involve all people, from all over the world, including you and me.

The Cost of Inaction and the Benefits of Action

I have developed the following tables to summarize the views expressed by Sir Nicholas Stern’s “Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change” as well as lectures presented in class (click to enlarge tables):






The main point to take away from the Stern Reveiw is: No matter whether one considers themselves an economist, socialist, or environmentalist, it is in all our best interests to act - to address climate change. Healthy sustainable economies and societies directly depend on a healthy sustainable environment.